Legal Experts Call on Congress to Oppose the REINS Act, H.R. 427
April 14, 2015 | Download PDF
The United States Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
The United States House of Representatives
Washington, DC 20515
Dear Members of Congress:
We are writing, as individuals, to express our opposition to passage of the REINS Act. In signing the letter, we have included our titles and the institutions at which we teach for purposes of identification.
Under the proposed legislation, no “economically significant” regulation would take effect unless affirmatively approved by Congress, by means of a joint congressional resolution of approval, which is signed by the President. If a joint resolution is not enacted into law by the end of 70 session days or legislative days, the regulation is not legally valid and it will not go into effect. As law professors who teach administrative and environmental law, we consider the proposal to be unnecessary to establish agency accountability and unwise as a matter of public policy because it undercuts the implementation of laws intended to protect people and the environment.
We oppose the REINS Act because:
1) The REINS Act would replace the strengths of agency rulemaking with the weaknesses of the legislative process.
The current system of administrative agencies of the federal government began more than 100 years ago, and matured through the 20th century. It was codified in its present form in the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) passed in 1946. In order to take advantage of the scientific, economic, legal, and other expertise in agencies, Congress has delegated to them rulemaking authority. Congress has also recognized that agencies are more insulated from the political process. Although agencies are (and should be) subject to political influence, agencies must also have legal justifications for their actions. When agency rules are appealed, the federal courts ensure that regulations are backed up by reasonable policy justifications and are consistent with the statutes passed by Congress.
While superficially it may seem like a good idea to make Congress the final arbiter of all significant regulatory decisions – after all, Members of Congress are elected and regulators are not – neither most Members of Congress nor their staffs are likely to have sufficient expertise regarding complex regulations to make a considered decision whether to adopt a regulation, particularly within the limited time frame legislators would have to act. Congress has scaled back staffing levels and, unlike agencies, Congressional offices do not employ doctors, epidemiologists, botanists, statisticians, etc.
Even if Congress did have the necessary expertise to review regulations, the type of careful and time-consuming review that would be required would pose a burden on it, diverting members and their staffs from other business. Since this review would have to occur within a short time frame, the REINS Act has the potential to stop (or at least slow) important other business, assuming that legislators and their staffs actually spent the time necessary to understand complex regulations.
It is also uncertain that Congress can or will tear itself away from other pressing business in order to consider approval of pending regulations. In particular, a 70-day deadline is unlikely to give the Senate sufficient time to pass a resolution of approval, turning the Act into a type of a congressional pocket veto for significant regulations.
Finally, unlike agencies, Congress does not need to have a reasonable policy justification for refusing to approve a regulation. Any disapproval is therefore more likely to reflect the political power of special interests, a potential that would be magnified in light of the fast-track process. This makes the Act a thinly veiled effort to subject regulations to greater political pressure than the opponents of regulation can bring to bear on an agency.
2) Congress already has the power to stop regulations if extreme circumstances dictate.
The Congressional Review Act (1996) requires agencies to submit new final rules to Congress for review, delaying the effective date of those rules to permit Congress to block them, and establishes a fast-track process for legislation proposed to overrule a regulation. Disapproval legislation must pass both houses and be signed by the President. Congress has only used this authority once, in 2001, to overrule an OSHA ergonomics rule.
More broadly, Congress can at any time narrow the rulemaking power it has delegated to an agency by amending its statutory mandate. This solution to a problem with agency discretion, should one exist, gives Congress an opportunity to consider carefully the pros and cons of limiting agency discretion, as compared to the rush to judgment required by the REINS Act.
3) The Act is counter-democratic
The congressional review law requires a majority of both the House and the Senate and a signature by the President to change what a previous Congress and President had approved – a law authorizing an agency to adopt legally effective rules. In the REINS bill, by comparison, less than a majority in either house can block what a previous Congress and President approved – the authority of an agency to adopt legally effective rules. This is not democratic; it is counter-democratic.
Moreover, the REINS Act amounts to an effort by Congress to evade responsibility, not assume it. If the President signs a joint resolution and a regulation becomes a law, regulated entities are authorized to challenge the legality of the regulation on any procedural or substantive ground they might have had if the agency itself still had discretion to adopt the regulation as legally binding. Normally, when Congress passes a law, it can be legally attacked, but only on grounds that the law is beyond Congress’ authority to adopt the law or Congress failed to use the procedures to adopt the law required by the Constitution. Yet, the language of the REINS Act would give regulated entities a surprising and peculiar gift, permitting them to challenge a regulation on grounds that would ordinarily be mooted by Congress’ passage of the law. It is unclear how Congress can pass a law approving a regulation and still purport to give that approval no legal effect. But the effort to do so indicates that the sponsors of the REINS Act are unwilling to allow Congress to step forward and take the responsibility for passing a law enacting a regulation into place, despite their professed aim of increasing legislative accountability.
4) If it is not broken, don’t fix it.
While the regulatory system is not perfect, it has over the years led to vast improvements in lives of millions of Americans, by making the air cleaner, the water purer, food, drugs and cars safer, and the environment more secure, among many other achievements. We believe that the REINS Act is likely to disrupt the regulatory system, and thereby deny Americans the additional reasonable protections the system can deliver. And, as we take up next, there is no sufficient reason for to risk this disruption.
5) The regulatory process is accountable even though regulators are not elected.
Agencies develop regulations to implement laws passed by Congress, soliciting comment from affected parties and the public. The White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) vets drafts of significant regulatory proposals. Once agencies issue final regulations, Congress has a fast-track opportunity to block them. Members of Congress can lobby the agency during the rulemaking process, and congressional committees can hold hearings to raise questions about an agency’s plan to promulgate regulations (or review regulations that have been issued). And, as previously mentioned, regulations are subject to judicial review. The courts ensure that agency rulemakings are consistent with the underlying organic statutes, while also ensuring that agencies have issued an adequate written response to the evidence and policy arguments in the rulemaking record that are contrary to the rule that was adopted. Thus, under current law, by the time a regulation is finally adopted, two and usually all three branches of government have weighed in, and advocates on all sides of the relevant issues have ample opportunity to affect the outcome.
For the previous reasons, we oppose passage of the REINS Act. Thank you for consideration of our views.
Alfred C. Aman
Roscoe C. O’Byrne Professor of Law
Indiana University Maurer School of Law
William L. Andreen
Clarkson Professor of Law
University of Alabama School of Law
Mary Jane Angelo
Professor of Law
University of Florida Levin College of Law
William D. Araiza
Professor of Law
Brooklyn Law School
Michael Asimow
Stanford Law School
Michael C. Blumm
Professor of Law
Lewis and Clark Law School
Erin Buzuvis
Professor of Law
Western New England University School of Law
Alejandro E. Camacho
Professor
University of California, Irvine School of Law
David N. Cassuto
Class of 1946 Distinguished Visiting Professor of Environmental Law
Williams College
Professor of Law & Director, Brazil-American Institute for Law & Environment (BAILE)
Pace Law School
Phillip J. Cooper
Professor of Public Administration
Mark O. Hatfield School of Government
Portland State University
Carl F. Cranor
Distinguished Professor of Philosophy
Department of Philosophy
University of California
Evan J. Criddle
Assistant Professor
Syracuse University College of Law
Stuart L. Deutsch
University Professor of Law
Rutgers School of Law-Newark
David Driesen
University Professor
Syracuse University
Gabriel Eckstein
Professor of Law, Texas Wesleyan University School of Law
Director, International Water Law Project
Treasurer, International Water Resources Association
Senior Fellow, Texas Tech Center for Water Law & Policy
Joel B. Eisen
Professor
University of Richmond School of Law
Cynthia R. Farina
Professor of Law
Cornell eRulemaking Initiative
Cornell Law School
David Favre
Professor
Michigan State University College of Law
Mark Fenster
Cone, Wagner, Nugent, Hazouri & Roth Tort Professor
Levin College of Law
University of Florida
Thomas G. Field, Jr.
Professor of Law
UNH School of Law (formerly Franklin Pierce)
Victor B. Flatt
Tom & Elizabeth Taft Distinguished Professor of Environmental Law
Director, Center for Law, Environment, Adaptation and Resources (CLEAR)
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Law
William Funk
Professor of Law
Lewis & Clark Law School
Eileen Gauna
Professor of Law
UNM Law School
Robert L. Glicksman
J.B. & Maurice C. Shapiro Professor of Law
The George Washington University Law School
Dale Goble
Schimke Distinguished Professor of Law
University of Idaho
College of Law
Joseph Grodin
Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court, until January 1987
John F. Digardi Distinguished Professor of Law (retired)
University of California
Hastings College of the Law
David R. Hodas
Professor
Widener University School of Law
David Hunter
Associate Professor of Law
Director, International Legal Studies Program
The American University Washington College of Law
Linda D. Jellum
Associate Professor
Mercer University School of Law
Steve Johnson
Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Professor of Law
Mercer University Law School
William S. Jordan, III
Associate Dean and C. Blake McDowell Professor of Law
University of Akron School of Law
Sam Kalen
Assistant Professor
University of Wyoming College of Law
Helen H. Kang
Associate Professor
Director, Environmental Law & Justice Clinic
Golden Gate University School of Law
Alice Kaswan
Professor
University of San Francisco School of Law
Alexandra B. Klass
Professor of Law
Associate Dean for Academic Affairs
Solly Robins Distinguished Research Fellow
University of Minnesota Law School
Mehmet K. Konar-Steenberg
Associate Dean and Briggs & Morgan/Xcel Energy Chair in Energy and Environmental Law
William Mitchell College of Law
Douglas A. Kysar
Joseph M. Field ’55 Professor of Law
Yale Law School
Howard A. Latin
Professor of Law and Justice Francis Scholar
Rutgers University School of Law
Yoon-Ho Alex Lee
Assistant Professor of Law
USC Gould School of Law
Amanda Leiter
Associate Professor of Law
The Catholic University of America
Ronald M. Levin
William R. Orthwein Distinguished Professor of Law
Washington University School of Law
Albert Lin
Professor of Law
University of California, Davis School of Law
Jeffrey S. Lubbers
Professor of Practice in Administrative Law
American University, Washington College of Law
Patrick Luff
Visiting Assistant Professor
University of Oklahoma College of Law
Melissa Luttrell
Assistant Professor of Law
The University of Tulsa College of Law
Mary Lyndon
Professor of Law
St. John’s University School of Law
Jerry Mashaw
Sterling Professor of Law
Yale Law School
Bradford Mank
James Helmer, Jr. Professor of Law
University of Cincinnati College of Law
Charles A. Marvin
Professor of Law
Georgia State Law School
Patricia Ross McCubbin
Professor of Law
Southern Illinois University School of Law
Thomas O. McGarity
Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Endowed Chair in Administrative Law
University of Texas at Austin School of Law
Patrick C. McGinley
Judge Charles H. Haden II Professor of Law
College of Law
West Virginia University
Gillian Metzger Professor of Law Columbia Law School
Professor Joel A. Mintz
Professor of Law
Nova Southeastern University, and Visiting Professor of Law
University of Florida Levin College of Law
Morell E. Mullins
Professor Emeritus
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
William H. Bowen School of Law
Kenneth M. Murchison
Professor Emeritus
Paul M. Hebert Law Center
Louisiana State University
Richard Murphy
AT&T Professor of Law
Texas Tech University Law School
Craig N. Oren
Professor
Rutgers School of Law
Hari M. Osofsky
Associate Professor, University of Minnesota Law School
Associate Director of Law, Geography & Environment, Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences
Adjunct Associate Professor of Geography
Dave Owen
Associate Professor
University of Maine School of Law
Richard Pierce
Lyle T. Alverson Professor of Law
George Washington University Law School
Zygmunt Jan Broël Plater
Professor of Law
Boston College Law School
Marc R. Poirier
Professor of Law and Martha Traylor Research Scholar
Seton Hall University School of Law
Andrew F. Popper
Professor of Law
American University, Washington College of Law
Ann Powers
Associate Professor
Center for Environmental Legal Studies
Pace Law School
Melissa Powers
Assistant Professor of Law
Lewis & Clark Law School
Edward P. Richards
Director, Program in Law, Science, and Public Health
Clarence W. Edwards Professor of Law
LSU Law School
Daniel J. Rohlf
Professor of Law
Of Counsel, Pacific Environmental Advocacy Center
Lewis and Clark Law School
Noah M. Sachs
Associate Professor, University of Richmond School of Law
Director, Merhige Center for Environmental Studies
Michael Sant’Ambrogio
Associate Professor of Law
Michigan State University College of Law
Shelley Ross Saxer
Pepperdine University School of Law
Professor of Law
Reuel Schiller
Professor of Law University of California
Hastings College of the Law
Joshua Schwartz
E.K. Gubin Professor of Government Contracts Law
George Washington University Law School
Peter Shane
Jacob E. Davis and Jacob E. Davis II Chair in Law
Moritz College of Law
Ohio State University
Sidney Shapiro
Fletcher Chair in Administrative Law
Wake Forest University School of Law
Amy Sinden
Professor
Temple University Beasley School of Law
Mark Squillace
Professor of Law
University of Colorado Law School
Peter L. Strauss
Betts Professor of Law
Columbia Law School
Margaret Taylor
Professor of Law
Wake Forest University School of Law
Joseph P. Tomain
Dean Emeritus and the Wilbert & Helen Ziegler Professor of Law
University of Cincinnati College of Law
David M. Uhlmann
Jeffrey F. Liss Professor from Practice
Director, Environmental Law and Policy Program
University of Michigan Law School
Bill Want
Associate Professor
Charleston School of Law
Jonathan Weinberg
Professor of Law
Wayne State University
Note: Institutions listed for identification purposes only. The signators do not purport to represent the views of their institutions.